Services
Kubernetes Pods are mortal. While each Pod gets its own IP address, even those IP addresses cannot be relied upon to be stable over time. This leads to a problem: if some set of Pods (let’s call them backends) provides functionality to other Pods (let’s call them frontends) inside the Kubernetes cluster, how do those frontends find out and keep track of which backends are in that set? Enter Services. A Kubernetes Service is an abstraction which defines a logical set of Pods and a policy by which to access them - sometimes called a micro-service. The set of Pods targeted by a Service is (usually) determined by a Label Selector (see below for why you might want a Service without a selector). The Service abstraction enables this decoupling.
Defining a service A Service in Kubernetes is a REST object, similar to a Pod. Like all of the REST objects, a Service definition can be POSTed to the apiserver to create a new instance. For example, suppose you have a set of Pods that each expose port 9376 and carry a label ”app=MyApp”.
kind: Service apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: my-service spec: selector: app: MyApp ports:
- protocol: TCP port: 80 targetPort: 9376 This specification will create a new Service object named “my-service” which targets TCP port 9376 on any Pod with the ”app=MyApp” label. This Service will also be assigned an IP address (sometimes called the “cluster IP”), which is used by the service proxies (see below). The Service’s selector will be evaluated continuously and the results will be POSTed to an Endpoints object also named “my-service”.
Perhaps more interesting is that targetPort can be a string, referring to the name of a port in the backend Pods.
Virtual IPs and service proxies Every node in a Kubernetes cluster runs a kube-proxy. kube-proxy is responsible for implementing a form of virtual IP for Services of type other than ExternalName.
Multi-Port Services Many Services need to expose more than one port. For this case, Kubernetes supports multiple port definitions on a Service object. When using multiple ports you must give all of your ports names, so that endpoints can be disambiguated. For example: kind: Service apiVersion: v1 metadata: name: my-service spec: selector: app: MyApp ports:
- name: http protocol: TCP port: 80 targetPort: 9376
- name: https protocol: TCP port: 443 targetPort: 9377 Note that the port names must only contain lowercase alphanumeric characters and -, and must begin & end with an alphanumeric character. 123-abc and web are valid, but 123_abc and -web are not valid names.
Discovering services Kubernetes supports 2 primary modes of finding a Service - environment variables and DNS. Environment variables When a Pod is run on a Node, the kubelet adds a set of environment variables for each active Service. It supports both Docker links compatible variables (see makeLinkVariables) and simpler {SVCNAME}_SERVICE_HOST and {SVCNAME}_SERVICE_PORT variables, where the Service name is upper-cased and dashes are converted to underscores. For example, the Service ”redis-master” which exposes TCP port 6379 and has been allocated cluster IP address 10.0.0.11 produces the following environment variables: REDIS_MASTER_SERVICE_HOST=10.0.0.11 REDIS_MASTER_SERVICE_PORT=6379 REDIS_MASTER_PORT=tcp://10.0.0.11:6379 REDIS_MASTER_PORT_6379_TCP=tcp://10.0.0.11:6379 REDIS_MASTER_PORT_6379_TCP_PROTO=tcp REDIS_MASTER_PORT_6379_TCP_PORT=6379 REDIS_MASTER_PORT_6379_TCP_ADDR=10.0.0.11 DNS An optional (though strongly recommended) cluster add-on is a DNS server. The DNS server watches the Kubernetes API for new Services and creates a set of DNS records for each. If DNS has been enabled throughout the cluster then all Pods should be able to do name resolution of Services automatically. For example, if you have a Service called ”my-service” in a Kubernetes Namespace called ”my-ns”, a DNS record for ”my-service.my-ns” is created. Pods which exist in the ”my-ns” Namespace should be able to find it by simply doing a name lookup for ”my-service”. Pods which exist in other Namespaces must qualify the name as ”my-service.my-ns”. The result of these name lookups is the cluster IP. Kubernetes also supports DNS SRV (service) records for named ports. If the ”my-service.my-ns” Service has a port named ”http” with protocol TCP, you can do a DNS SRV query for ”_http._tcp.my-service.my-ns” to discover the port number for ”http”. The Kubernetes DNS server is the only way to access services of type ExternalName. More information is available in the DNS Pods and Services.
Publishing services - service types For some parts of your application (e.g. frontends) you may want to expose a Service onto an external (outside of your cluster) IP address. Kubernetes ServiceTypes allow you to specify what kind of service you want. The default is ClusterIP.
• ClusterIP (기본값) - 클러스터 내에서 내부 IP 에 대해 서비스를 노출해준다. 이 방식은 오직 클러스터 내에서만 서비스가 접근될 수 있도록 해준다.
• NodePort - NAT가 이용되는 클러스터 내에서 각각 선택된 노드들의 동일한 포트에 서비스를 노출시켜준다.
즉, 동일 노드 상의 파드들이라 할지라도, 쿠버네티스 클러스터 내 각 파드는 유일한 IP 주소를 가지며, 여러분의 애플리케이션들이 지속적으로 기능할 수 있도록 파드들 속에서 발생하는 변화에 대해 자동으로 조정해 줄 방법이 있어야 한다.
쿠버네티스에서 서비스는 하나의 논리적인 파드 셋과 그 파드들에 접근할 수 있는 정책을 정의하는 추상적 개념이다. 서비스는 종속적인 파드들 사이를 느슨하게 결합되도록 해준다.
서비스가 대상으로 하는 파드 셋은 보통 LabelSelector에 의해 결정된다.
비록 각 파드들이 고유의 IP를 갖고 있기는 하지만, 그 IP들은 서비스의 도움없이 클러스터 외부로 노출되어질 수 없다. 서비스들은 여러분의 애플리케이션들에게 트래픽이 실릴 수 있도록 허용해준다. 서비스들은 ServiceSpec에서 type을 지정함으로써 다양한 방식들로 노출시킬 수 있다:
• ClusterIP (기본값) - 클러스터 내에서 내부 IP 에 대해 서비스를 노출해준다. 이 방식은 오직 클러스터 내에서만 서비스가 접근될 수 있도록 해준다.
• NodePort - NAT가 이용되는 클러스터 내에서 각각 선택된 노드들의 동일한 포트에 서비스를 노출시켜준다.
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